Learning through Print and Film Essay

History is communicated in various manners and through various mediums. This is additionally the situation for the historical backdrop of Martin Guerre which was a noticeable character in French history. He has various commitments in the structure of the French universe of which incorporates, yet not selective to, reasoning, law, human science and history. Martin Guerre turned into the subject of different authentic taking in materials from print to film. This paper will utilize two essential hotspots for the near investigation of the two unique vehicles for learning history explicitly the book composed by Janet Lewis and the movie coordinated by Daniel Vigne. Prior to proceeding with the conversation of the subject of this paper, it is critical to take note of that there are various translations of history that is reliant on the people who decipher them. Another is that the distinctions in regards to chronicled accounts are likewise influenced by the perspective. These two ideas are additionally present in the production of learning materials with respect to history where the hole between the composed work and the visual work can be viewed as developing relying upon the people who make them. The contrast among Print and Film based mechanisms of guidance Written and Film based learning materials are two totally different modes of learning history. Composed types of adapting generally require additional time and exertion to both comprehend and acknowledge since the occasions have just changed to make a general public which is overwhelmingly moment just as visual however more data is promptly accessible to the individuals who set aside the effort to learn them. Film put together learning with respect to the next hand may lose quite a bit of their importance since makers basically have authority over the film. The essential requirement of movies are their time restrictions where most movies can just present data that they have assess to be significant and leave those that they have considered insignificant unpresented. Given the impediment, the idea of the film business produces material that can be handily recalled and comprehended as it invigorates the psyche of the person where practically all data have just been prepared. The main thing that people who watch these motion pictures need to do is to ingest the information being introduced. These thoughts will be clarified in more detail in the succeeding conversations of the paper where the end is an appraisal with respect to which the essayist inclines toward is a superior mechanism for guidance in the chronicled field. Upsides and downsides of Printed mechanism of guidance There are various geniuses to be viewed as when utilizing printed materials for learning. One of them is the measure of information that can be available in printed mediums. There are typically more data that is available in printed adaptations of history which gives perusers a more top to bottom comprehension of the topic that they need to learn. Essayists of these materials give as much data as possible in this mechanism of guidance. Generally, just verifiable data are remembered for these sorts of materials which can be considered as believable and â€Å"true†. Books, diaries and other composed types of correspondence are additionally more carefully examined since the reason for such material is for the most part for adapting in this manner gives the people a progressively trustworthy wellspring of data. Another bit of leeway of this sort of medium is that perusers are urged to think more so as to comprehend the issue that is being introduced. They will utilize their brains to envision and decipher the issue which is said to create intellectual ability just as its capacities. Inconveniences of utilizing the printed renditions of history is that it is tedious wherein an understudy would as a rule require a lot of time, contingent upon the reader’s capacity to peruse and ingest data that is introduced in them. Likewise, printed materials are viewed as exhausting and progressively hard to comprehend. This is perhaps the best impediment to learning since understudies think that its progressively hard to be associated with the investigation of the topic on the off chance that it doesn't start their advantage. Written words likewise for the most part force a more prominent mental cost in the brains of perusers which utilizes books especially progressively hard to utilize. Another drawback with the utilization of books is its reasonableness. There are numerous books there and a significant number of them cost a great deal of cash. Books considered better than others cost more than those whose validity are not examined. Along these lines, purchasers are guaranteed of validity yet at the expense of making it increasingly hard to obtain particularly for understudies (however libraries can be utilized). Upsides and downsides of Film Based learning Mediums Film based learning materials likewise have their own advantages and disadvantages. First to be investigated is its focal points. Movies are an incredible wellspring of data particularly if the individual who made it can figure out which data is a higher priority than the others. Since not all data will have the option to be introduced utilizing this mechanism of guidance, makers are as of now entrusted with deciphering and breaking down the assortment of information for the individuals who will watch them. As it were, films effectively present their own understanding of the information accessible to them which leaves the people who will watch a previously processed adaptation. Another favorable position of utilizing films as modes of guidance is that they typically just take up an unequivocal span of time generally running from one and a half to two hours which permits time for different exercises. This implies an individual could without much of a stretch comprehend the film during that time and if not they can undoubtedly replay the film or parts of the film that they missed or didn't comprehend. Movies likewise furnish its perusers with an all the more energizing and agreeable learning experience as movies are particularly made to invigorate its watchers to make messages simpler to pass on. Moving and dynamic characters that are seen request to a lot more people since films can without much of a stretch catch the consideration of watchers, in this manner making them increasingly keen to the exercises and messages of the film. The visual component of movies additionally help in the memory of understudies since they would have the option to all the more likely recall occasions that had an effect on them. The disservices of film put together mechanism of guidance with respect to the next hand are likewise various. One is that since the introduced data in these movies are as of now deciphered and dissected, it gives understudies a restricted point of view of the occasions that had occurred during those occasions. Movies give the individuals who watch it an entirely unmistakable and straight forward understanding of the occasions exhibited in the film which does little for different translations. Likewise, since not all data can be introduced in the film, there is a high possibility that some significant data may not be incorporated. The idea of movies is fundamentally founded on diversion which implies that a few components of the exercises and messages may not be given that much significance since it could be handily concealed with imaginative components. There is additionally a high possibility that the introduction of characters and occasions might be not quite the same as what had really happened particularly since films are profoundly emotional dependent on the perspectives on their makers. The Presentation of Preference and Justification Being given the advantages and disadvantages of every medium, whenever allowed to pick between the two to be utilized for scholarly investigation, two perspectives will be considered. One is in the perspective of basic courses, the individuals who are accepting the subject as an elective or the individuals who don't anticipate paying attention to the subject as. The other perspective is in regards to the individuals who plan on paying attention to the topic as the focal point of their instruction. The individuals who take the topic just as a basic course or just as a necessity and not as a genuine point for their course will be ideally serviced by utilizing film based mechanism of guidance since the reason for which is to energize and start their enthusiasm for them to choose for an increasingly genuine investigation. At the point when they do choose for a progressively genuine investigation, films are not, at this point seen as a successful apparatus for concentrate since it would not have the option to give them far reaching information about history. The genuine investigation of history would require its student’s attention to even little or minor occasions of a specific subject so as to encourage better and more profound comprehension. In general, it is favored that the genuine investigation of history is to be led utilizing printed material. This is just an increasingly compelling approach to create academicians in this field since it builds up the fundamental scholarly order and diverse expository abilities. Additionally there are a greater number of sources that are made every year than the quantity of motion pictures that are being created in accordance with this issue. Additionally, films are increasingly centered around the aesthetic estimation of the film instead of giving a wellspring of valid and exact delineation of verifiable occasions which makes it unfit for being a genuine asset for the academe. The measure of data are just restricted and there is extremely large danger of the translation by the producers being off-base which would likewise imply that the impression and messages that they push out to the people may likewise not be right or in any event, off base. However, film assets are exceptionally helpful, they don't establish nor encourage genuine scholarly learning and improvement of the fundamental abilities all together in the field. Remarks Changing occasions for the most part likewise mean changing techniques for learning. There are advantages and disadvantages in every one of these mediums however the best mediums are those that furnish its understudies with quality and sound data. As existing apart from everything else, printed materials are as yet the ones who can fulfill this prerequisite of the academe however different sources could even now be utilized as advantageous instruments for learning. Perusing printed materials is as yet considered the most ideal approach to learn in the academe despit

#FreelancerFriday #6 - Tom Sanderson, Cover Designer

#FreelancerFriday #6 - Tom Sanderson, Cover Designer #FreelancerFriday #6 - Tom Sanderson, Cover Designer â€Å"What I’m keen on about book configuration is the means by which when you get a task and a brief, you’re particularly a visual issue solver. You’re attempting to turn a heap of words, an original copy, an ad spot, a thought, into a visual bundle in the most intriguing and get capable way. Each spread is extraordinary - they may appear to be comparable in certain regards, yet the manner in which you approach them intellectually is very different.†Tom Sanderson is a creator situated in Brighton. He’s made book covers for pretty much every segment believable, from children’s fiction through youthful grown-up to grown-up fiction, business and artistic, and past. His full portfolio is at The Parish.REEDSYHow did you begin in design?TOM SANDERSON I went down the craftsmanship school course. I’ve originate from a representation foundation. My father’s an artist and my mom was a Ceramics instructor. I went to workmanship school since it appeared the characteristic spot for me to go. I at first did my degree in representation, and afterward a postgrad after my degree which is the point at which I got more into the visual depiction side of things. I’ve consistently been keen on books, and I was fortunate enough that the school I was at for my MA had a great bookbinding office, so a ton of my ventures were based around that.When I left school I searched for occupations in the distributing business. At first I functioned as a lesser in children’s books. Distributing is one of those ventures where once you get into the framework it’s a little world. On the off chance that you work in an organization for a few years, individuals you work with move around to different houses and you get the opportuni ty to be known by your work. I got the chance to move around on the rear of my work from children’s fiction to young person fiction to grown-up fiction structure, and wound up at Penguin for around five years before going freelance.REEDSY Why go freelance?TOM SANDERSON There was various components. At the point when you function as a fashioner you get to a phase where you either go down the craftsmanship chief/imaginative executive course, and push down that way where you’re overseeing individuals and overseeing ventures and overseeing divisions; or you go the independent course. At first I was keen on turning into a workmanship executive and did odds and ends of that. I lived in Brighton and used to focus on London consistently; following six years I needed to a greater degree a work-life balance, so I settled in Brighton forever and now I’ve got a studio here. On the off chance that I’d remained in London I most likely would have remained in-house as well. Be that as it may, the other negative side of being a workmanship chief, for me, is as a rule less involved with stuff. It’s increasingly about overseeing ventures and overseeing individuals. For me my qualities are planning, and I’d miss that in the event tha t I wasn’t doing it.REEDSY How would you see the inventive test of structuring a cover?TOM SANDERSON What I’m keen on about book configuration is the manner by which when you get a task and a brief, you’re especially a visual issue solver. You’re attempting to turn a heap of words, a composition, an ad spot, a thought, into a visual bundle in the most intriguing and get capable way. Each spread is extraordinary - they may appear to be comparable in certain regards, yet the manner in which you approach them intellectually is very different.REEDSY Is being get capable increasingly about sticking out, or just not ‘blending in?’ Looking at your portfolio, your spread for A Deeper Darkness stood apart to me.TOM SANDERSON As you can envision, there was a considerable amount of various ways to deal with that book since it was so enormous. At first they gave me different idea starters about the book and how it could fill in as a visual reference for the spread. So we discussed having heaps of copying books and Nazi pennants and things like that. We discussed a German road scene, at first doing a great deal of visuals of thin lanes with bombarded out structures, and the sort working over that. It wasn’t getting the accentuation that they needed over, so we acquired having the young lady perusing on top, which was a decent method of considering what’s going in the book. When we had that set up we got components of fire around the edges. The typography was very basic - we simply needed to make 'The Book Thief’ stand apart as clear as possible.REEDSY At the point when a creator presents to you a task is there anything they can do that helps?TOM SANDERSON It’s supportive to know the sort of books your book is facing. Knowing competitor’s books, realizing the class is valuable. Any visual thoughts that they may have are in every case great to know - it gives you a more prominent comprehension on what you can play with outwardly. Now and again by having a discussion with distributers you discover thoughts you’d never have shown up at all alone.

The Directive for the American Dream

Robert Frost is one of the most famous artists in America. He was known as the most loved writer of the country’s residents (Hollander). In â€Å"Directive†, one of his mainstream works, Frost got disputable as the translation of the sonnet really proposed that so as to discover one’s self; one needs to get lost first. This might be valid as there is no need to discover something which isn't lost. Notwithstanding, by asserting this in his sonnet, it has been said that Frost has introduced to his crowd the cutting edge variant of the American dream. The American DreamThe idea, American Dream, started from the essayist James Truslow Adams. He utilized it in his book, â€Å"Epic of America†, which was distributed in 1931. The idea alluded to that fantasy or vision of a land where life is better, more extravagant, and more full for all individuals. The open doors in this land are as indicated by each person’s capacity and achievements. It isn't just a f antasy of individuals to have top of the line properties and procure significant compensations; rather it is a dream of a social request wherein all people might have the option to accomplish the fullest height that their inborn capacity may bring them.This is paying little heed to ideas that are comparative with destiny or predetermination, similar to conditions of birth or position (â€Å"What is the American Dream†). During the 30’s, the century wherein this work was distributed, the American dream really began to get unclear. Despite the fact that there were individuals who accepted emphatically in the American dream, there were likewise the individuals who gradually lost confidence. America was then under the incredible sadness and its economy was at a low status; in this manner, the vision of the American dream appeared to be somewhat dark (Sutton). In any case, as the time passed, the shadiness of the vision began to clear up.America gradually got to its feet ag ain and the visionaries, who woke up during the incredible despondency, started to dream once more. Today the fantasy is still on-going and the visionaries have now developed to hoards. From Americans who accepted their establishing fathers, the fantasy has just spread to different nations (Sutton). Outsiders who kept on entering America were said to have been furnished with their American dream. They come into the nation, with the craving to win for themselves and their families and to accomplish more prominent. This is then present generation’s perspective on the American dream (Bohan).This might be what Frost was alluding to in his sonnet. It might be recalled that the sonnet, â€Å"Directive† was about a speaker telling somebody that he can go with him around, direct him some place. In any case, there is an enormous likelihood that he may just take the individual to an inappropriate goal as demonstrated by this line, â€Å"if you'll let a guide direct you/Who just has on a basic level your getting lost† (Frost). This may point that Frost was attempting to tell his crowd that all together for an individual to locate his actual goal, he should initially get lost.In the previous piece of the sonnet the speaker depicted the spots that the individual he will be going with may experience. It is an old town, where everything is weather beaten and annihilated. The streets were once strolled on yet did not visit anymore and belittled. It is a spot that individuals has abandoned (Frost). This might be practically identical to the way that when remote vagrants begin to imagine something incredible for themselves and chooses to move to America, he deserts the home he once knew. The abandoned spot may allude to the existence the vagrants once had. It was worn out, of not the best quality, and very poor.Now the excursion that the sonnet is alluding to might be the movement so as to accomplish the American dream. This may allude to the piece of the m igrant’s life where he authorizes the fantasy and attempts to satisfy it. In the sonnet, this is simply the line that says, ‘Make up a/cheering melody of how/Someone's street home from work this used to be,/Who might be only in front of you on foot† (Frost). It shows that many have done likewise things and many have envisioned a similar dream and have set out on the excursion. They left their home, their previous lifestyles, and even their identities.The way that the transients abandoned their personalities is the idea of ‘lost’ that was being alluded to by Frost in his work. Resembling this to the American dream, it ought to be noticed that remote individuals enter the nation to work and the residents tend to separate. These outsiders are not just seen inconsistent by the residents; they are likewise treated inconsistent by the individuals who utilize them. One basic case is the situation of the Mexican workers who are paid with lower compensation ho wever given greater and more troublesome occupations than American laborers.People appear to have this idea that when the work is finished by Mexicans, it tends to be as acceptable and proficient yet not as exorbitant. This idea is legitimately identified with their racial affiliations (La Botz). The way that when they are seen along these lines indicates that they have just lost their poise and themselves. There is by all accounts no expectation if this sort of circumstance is inspected, be that as it may, as the sonnet shows, â€Å"And in case you're sufficiently lost to get yourself/By now, pull in your stepping stool street behind you/And put a sign up CLOSED to everything except me./Then make yourself at home† (Frost), the downside isn't without a cost. In the wake of being lost, the individual at long last discovers his goal. Comparative with the foreigner specialists, the goal is the satisfaction of their American dream. Given this, it might then be inferred that utili zing different emblematic words, for example, goals, lost, and home in the sonnet â€Å"Directive†, Robert Frost had the option to present to the open his thought on current American Dream. He had the option to open to his perusers that the advanced American dream includes getting lost and finding one’s self again as described in his poem.He was additionally ready to pinpoint that this generation’s American dream is not, at this point restricted to the residents of the nation yet in addition to outsiders who are happy to become mixed up so as to get themselves at last. Works Cited Bohan, RT. 2008. â€Å"Immigrants and the American Dream†. Freedom in America. 30 April 2009 <http://www. nolanchart. com/article4019. html>. Ice, Robert. 2009. â€Å"Directive†. Artists. organization. 30 April 2009 < http://www. artists. organization/viewmedia. php/prmMID/20521 >. Hollander, John. 2009. â€Å"A Close Look at Robert Frost†.Poets. organi zation. 30 April 2009 < http://www. artists. organization/viewmedia. php/prmMID/15894 >. La Botz, Dan. 1992. â€Å"Labor in Mexico†. multinationalmonitor. organization. 30 April 2009 < http://multinationalmonitor. organization/hyper/issues/1992/11/mm1192_13. html >. Sutton, Bettye. 2008. â€Å"American Cultural History†. Lonestar College Kingwood. 30 April 2009 < http://kclibrary. lonestar. edu/decade30. html >. â€Å"What is the American Dream. † 2002 The Library of Congress. 30 April 2009 < http://lcweb2. loc. gov/learn/exercises/97/dream/thedream. html >.

Ways in Which Corporate Control Affects or Shapes TV - 1650 Words

Ways in Which Corporate Control Affects or Shapes TV (Essay Sample) Content: Student's NameProfessors NameCourseDateCorporate ControlCaldwell in his critique and supposition of the industrial auteur theory depicts the nature in which corporate control shapes and affects the television and film industry globally. He argues that corporate control can be summed up in two dimensions. The first one is control over the nature in which creative ideas and concepts channeled to this industry get harmonized and developed over time. And the second is the increasing rate with which new media conglomerates are vehemently replace the role of the author or creator of a film with a producer or studio executive as the key creators of a film (Caldwell 198). Such actions spark conflict between the true authors and the studio executive, hence threatening the free-flow or new ideas and the essence of attributing due diligence regarding creativity to the authors (Caldwell 198).Ways used to propagate such corporate interventions in the line of production stem from a uteurism itself. This is the total control over all facets of film making and production exercised by a producer and overly gives the film its originality and appeal. Auteurism over the years has evoked sharp criticism based on the role these producers, regarding creativity control and rights control, had on the nature in which films were made and put out on the market. In new media conglomerates, this is common and widely practiced, but the density with which such effects of auteurism are felt seems to secede in bigger companies. However, such practices are still up-to-date, based on Kristin Thompson and Janet Staiger in their critique of the neo-classical approach used by Hollywood to maintain auteurism practices (Caldwell 199). Television production methods seems to challenge the Hollywood's way of corporate control as depicted by Newcomb and Robert Alley and accords the true role of executive producers in a film rather than the initially used auteurism approaches.Corporate contr ol has also affected the manner in which these films are written (Caldwell 201). Presently, it is hard to have a single writer do a whole film or movie and expect to pan out a class act. The need to have such content done in the earnest sets the pace for a new model of authoring judging from the Phil Rosenthal's critique of the system (Caldwell 201). Authors are assembled into groups and tasked with the role of writing a film with a single person being the overall or head in this process. In such an approach, the artistic value of writing is eroded and replaced with an industrial approach to film writing (Caldwell 201). Writers are kept at arm's length from their directors who call the shots in every aspect that goes into the writing of the film. This, in turn, implies that, no matter how creative the author is, the flow of his/her ideas to public viewership lie at the mercy of the director or main author. The conglomerates that govern film production have played a role in fostering this approach that also plays a role in idea theft (Caldwell 201). These conglomerates pressure producers to come up with content that, in turn, leads these producers to create artificially done work rather than the artistic content instead of the artistic pieces that over time develop writers art of film authoring (Levine 68). Corporate control and interventions also lead to idea theft and ownership disputes. Most notable is the manner in which production rights and model or operations are set. For example, Hollywood is more receptive to films that target high-culture as compared to low-culture. In essence, the production setup tool is inclined in this manner. Alumni from elite institutions are more preferred when it comes to the awarding and contracting of the production contract. This has influenced the film industry in turn, in the event where this film conglomerates seek to recruit creators, the elite-schooled producers are the one considered. In short, the better art institut ion a producer has educated from, the easier he/she is likely to be considered creative despite their artistic prowess in film work (Levine 66). Such high expectations of these producers give room for probable content theft and ownership disputes. Idea theft is enhanced with the use of art workers more than writers in this heavily interlinked industry. A good example is a dispute that occurred between Judd Apatow and Mark Brazill (Caldwell 207).Corporate intervention in the establishment of writing committees in filmmaking, that have quantified in a model known as a show's 'bible' , have shaped the longevity of television productions over time. This model uses writers who are tasked with patching of the plot and manner in which the story flows over time and ahead of schedule for the sake of the show or film's security. However, the viewing of writers as assemblers and anonymous inputs not only constrains the creativity of writers as they are under the control of the directors, but a lso reduces them to workers housed in a system that can exist even without them. Committee writing degrades the true value of an original creator while conferring much control over the production process to the producers of the film. In this manner, producers can fire and hire without having to worry about the possibility of the film ending as a result of the loss of a writer. Committee writing has also faced sharp criticism in its use. A large pool of talented writers gets clumped together and work for long hours on a model believed to be detrimental to the human aspect of fair working conditions (Levine 71). A good example is an accusation levied towards Crane Productions Company and its infringement of the rights of the writers in the Sitcom production, Friends (Caldwell 214). Such infringements of writers rights, coupled with ageism and sexism, have affected most of the Hollywood and its manner of approach in writing most of their television shows and films. The model is, howev er, essential in conferring talent and sharing ideas across writers more, however, the manner in which this model is being applied has evoked serious criticism with critics demanding a better approach (Caldwell 219). Committee writing interventions that govern mentorship authorship crediting has solved the many challenges that existed in traditional approaches to this model. This, in turn, has accorded rare positive reviews in the system itself and the importance that it plays. Corporate control has affected the theoretical approaches adopted in the writing process of these films. The widely used theories are the audience-targeting approaches, whereby the writers, before their writing, need to form or develop and 'desire assessment' of the probable viewers and, in turn, write their pieces in line with this assessment (Levine 79). This involves the production companies hiring test audiences to determine the effectiveness of their pieces more so in comedies before their airing. This approach is common in television series and is a product of market-oriented approaches vis-a-vis artistic approaches to the type of content put out by these film companies (Caldwell 223). Caldwell's model of production and the shortcomings, depicted in his model, can be seen in other TV films. A good example is the comedy series Friends. This Sitcom production portrayed all the projected worries that accompanied the production critiquing done by Caldwell. To begin, the authoring and writing models that Friends used were similar to the ones argued by Caldwell. Committee writing, a method of writing, has over the years been used in film script writing a...

Aristotle and Plato are both philosophers and thinkers of...

Aristotle and Plato are both philosophers and thinkers of the Greek tradition but they each came to very different conclusions about the nature of divinity. Plato’s god was subordinate to the ever important forms while Aristotle’s god was selfish. Combined together each of their different philosophies could probably come pretty close to the ideas of the great monotheistic religions of today. Although they belong to different philosophical traditions both Plato and Aristotle share many of the same basic ideas even though their conclusions and ends tend to differ quite a bit from one another. The main idea which sets apart the thoughts of Plato and Aristotle is that of the forms, which must be explained to understand Plato’s divinity. The†¦show more content†¦Another one of Plato’s divinities would be the Demiurge or craftsman god which Plato speaks of in Timaeus. Plato charged this god with the creation of the entire universe. Although the Demiurge is not higher than the forms Plato still credits the craftsman god with bringing order to the universe and endowing humans with immortal and intelligent souls. Second to the Demiurge would be lesser gods which encapsulate the planets in spheres and account for their eternal movement. In summation, Plato’s idea of a god is anything that is immutable, intelligent, and immortal. It is easy to see, then, why Plato seems to see divinities seemingly everywhere in the universe. Aristotle has a much different conception of divinity than Plato. His highest divinity is not the forms but something which he refers to as the unmoved mover, first mover, or prime mover. This prime mover is the common source of all substance, movement, and change in the universe and it has three characteristics: it is composed of pure actuality, has no physical matter, and is eternal. It is necessary for the unmoved mover to be all of these things because his eternality is what allows the universe to be eternal as well: It will be no use, then, to assume everlasting substances, as believers in the Forms do, unless these include some principle capable of initiating change. And even this, or some other type of substance apart from the Forms, is not sufficient; for if itShow MoreRelatedBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 PagesHistory of Western philosophy The introduction of the terms philosopher and philosophy has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (see Diogenes Laertius: De vita et moribus philosophorum, I, 12; Cicero: Tusculanae disputationes, V, 8-9). The ascription is based on a passage in a lost work of Herakleides Pontikos, a disciple of Aristotle. It is considered to be part of the widespread legends of Pythagoras of this time. 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Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart - 1388 Words

Ever since the imperialist age, Africa has been perceived as a type of primitive or uncivilized region. We have been taught and have seen that they are not as modern as our Western world. What do you think would happen when an African author criticizes the work of an old English writer who was known by many as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language? Chinua Achebe, the author of the great African novel,  ¨Things Fall Apart ¨ argues that Joseph Conrad s book  ¨Heart Of Darkness ¨ was a false depiction of Africa and the writing was too racist and made the white race seem superior to the native Africans. The novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe is about the Ibo people and how they have to face the threat of colonization and the white people’s religion which is Christianity. When Achebe portrayed the missionaries and Europeans, he did not make them sound hostile. Originally, they seemed like passive wanderers in an unknown land not planning to cause any trouble. The Ibo people also did not assume they were threats, either. â€Å" He was not an albino. He was quite different. And he was riding an iron horse.† ( p. 138, Things Fall Apart ) At first, they did not give off any outstanding first impression; the missionaries appeared to be harmless. While Conrad is said to have taken a more extreme approach on writing about the native African people of the Congo, Achebe took a more neutral approach when it came to the conquering nature of the white men onceShow MoreRelatedChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1719 Words   |  7 PagesThings fall apart is a classic novel written around the turn of the century, the novel focuses on the protagonist who we can also call a hero, Okonkwo. Okonkwo is a wealthy and respected leader within the Igbo tribe of Umuofia in eastern Nigeria. Strong individual with a passionate belief in all the values and traditions of his people. Chinua Achebe presents Okonkwo as a particula r kind of tragic protagonist, a great man who carries the fate of his people. Okonkwo is a man who is inflexible andRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1033 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Chinua Achebe is a famous Nigerian novelist in worldwide. Things fall apart is Chinua Achebe’s first novel published in 1958, the year after Ghana became the first African nation to gain independence. And this novel is one of the first African novels to gain worldwide recognition. (Phil Mongredien, 2010) This novel presents people a story of an African Igbo tribal hero, Okonkwo, from his growth to death. The fate of Okonkwo also indicates the fate of Africa caused by the colonizationRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart883 Words   |  4 Pagesdehumanize the native population and convince themselves that they are helping. Chinua Achebe’s book Things Fall Apart attempts to correct these misguided views of African societies by portraying a more complex culture that values peace, and the art of conversation. Achebe also tries to portray the idea that not all European people they come in contact with are aggressive, and misconstrued in their view of the African societ ies. Achebe tries to show us the value of his society through repeated views into conversationsRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1410 Words   |  6 PagesTeddy Manfre Ms. Blass ENG 209-001 April 24, 2017 Things Fall Apart In 1958, Chinua Achebe a famous Nigerian author publishes one of his most famous novels Things Fall Apart. The novel takes place in a Nigerian village called Umuofia. During the time that this novel is published Nigeria is being criticized by the Europeans for being uncivilized. In response, Achebe uses his brilliance in this novel to express the valued history of his people to his audience. His focus in the novel is on the pre-colonizedRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1015 Words   |  5 PagesIn his novel Things Fall Apart, author Chinua Achebe utilizes his distinctive writing style in order to accurately capture the culture and customs of the Igbo people despite writing his story in a foreign language. Five aspects of Achebe’s style that make his writing unique is the straightforward diction present in dialogue, the inclusion of native parables convey Igbo life authentically, the inclusion of native Igbo words and phrases, detailed descriptions of nature and the usage of figurative languageRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1702 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: Things Fall Apart Biographical information about the author: Chinua Achebe was born in Nigeria in 1930. He had an early career as a radio host, and later became the Senior Research Fellow at the University of Nigeria. After moving to America, he became an English professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Achebe has won numerous awards for his poetry and fiction, including the Man Booker prize and Commonwealth Poetry Price. He currently teaches at Bard College. Author: Chinua AchebeRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesCulture is an Important Element of Society Chinua Achebe is the author of when Things Fall Apart while Joseph Conrad authored Heart of Darkness. Conrad and Achebe set their individual titles in Africa; Achebe is an African writer whereas Conrad is Polish-British. The authors draw strength from their backgrounds to validity the authenticity of their fictional novels. Conrad writes from his experiences in the British and French navies while Achebe uses his African heritage. The theme of culture isRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1248 Words   |  5 PagesChris Lowndes Ms. Cook A.P.L.C. 21 October 2015 We Are Family: Hardships in One s Family in Things Fall Apart Specific attributes correlate with each other to help create or not create the ideal strong family. However, through those attributes arise conflicts and major disputes. This issue of trying to achieve and create a strong family is of immense importance in one’s life, especially in Chinua Achebe’s, Things Fall Apart, a milestone in African literature. For instance, the father leaves his legacyRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagescertain degree of the priest class, libation, holidays, creation stories, divine systems of punishments and rewards. In the novel, Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe, is a story of tragic fall of a protagonist and the Igbo culture. Achebe demonstrates different examples and situations of where an African culture, in the instances of tribal religions, did certain things because of their tradition is and the way they developed into. African cultures pondered life mysteries and articulated theirRead Mo reChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1314 Words   |  6 PagesChinua Achebe masterpiece â€Å"Things Fall Apart† (1959) is the classic story of Okonkwo, a young man who strives to be revered by his village and family but because of his own internal character flaws meets his own demise. In the Igbo culture, family traditions are an important narrative throughout the novel. Okonkwo, the protagonist character of this story, begins with many attributes of what would be concluded as a hero with his cultural society. He is hard working, a material provider, feared and

Village City Life free essay sample

A village is composed of small population that is not advanced whereas a city is very advanced and has large population. Life in a village is completely different from life in a city. This difference is like distinction between earth and sky. These lifestyles are totally different from each other. It is hard to find similarities between persons of different characteristics and same as with life in villages and cities. Cities are getting more advanced From Village Life To City 8000-3000B. C. From Village to City Over the years of history, there have been many civilizations. And in our report Wwe will look at the earliest civilization. of all civilizations everyday and it has forced people to leave their village pride behind and become more city oriented. City and village life has characteristic that are similar and different. Village life and city life are somewhat provincial. People can t think of a life beyond the boundaries of their village or their city. We will write a custom essay sample on Village City Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Villagers think that villages are the best place to live, and people living in urban places think that they are more fortunate. There are some similarities between both locations. Children in the villages have their desires and ambitions like city children. They also want to be something in their lives. Villagers, like urban people, are hard workers. They know the value of hardwork and that is the key to success. Education is the fundamental step for a child to begin his life. In this technologically advanced society, a person can t do anything without education. Urban Sprawl Urban Sprawl is a problem that will have severe consequences for all life if left unrestricted. The unrestricted development of the United States and the world is rapidly contributing to Children in the cities are fortunate enough to have schools. Every child goes to school with his aim focused, but children in villages don t have this opportunity. Villages can t afford schools. Instead of going to schools, the children go to fields to work and to support their families. Their aims mix with that soil. Maybe some children have dreams to be well educated, but their dreams shatter because they don t get

Organisational Buying Process free essay sample

Loginova Olga Organizational buying behavior in Business tourism market Case Holiday Club Resorts Oy 50 pages, 1 appendix Saimaa University of Applied Sciences, Lappeenranta Business Administration, Degree Programme in International Business Bachelor’s Thesis 2011 Instructor: Ville Lehto The purpose of this Bachelor’s thesis is to provide understanding of the organizational buying behavior in Russian companies in context of business tourism market. This includes describing the general model of the process, identifying people, responsible for decision making and analyzing factors, that influence their decisions. Another objective is to give recommendations to the case company about how to reach right people in Russian organizations with their message. In the theoretical part of the study the main issues are related to the general principles of organizational buying behavior and main concepts of the topic. When conducting this research both Russian and English sources are used. The most related topics of the literature are  «Organizational Buying behavior »,  «Business-to-business marketing » and  «Industrial marketing », presented by Philip Kotler, Frederick E. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Buying Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Webster Jr. and Yoram Wind and Kovalev A. I Empirical part is based on a case study and describes the organizational buying process on example of 3 Russian companies, which were chosen according to the criteria of location, size and industry. The data for case study is gathered by conducting an interview with members of buying centers within these companies. Implementation of theory to the practice faced some difficulties such as misunderstanding of the topic and unwillingness of companies to provide full information. Business markets mostly concerns producer and reseller markets (Vitale et al, 2010, p. 131) Generally, business markets consist of fewer, but larger customers than consumer markets and are involved in purchases of significantly large value having complex economic, technical and financial considerations. Business markets also differ from consumer markets in such aspects as: sales volumes, marketing structure and demand, nature of products and most relevant for this thesis – types of decision and decision process (Ibid). Organization buying is the decision-making process by which formal organizations establish the need for purchased products and services and identify, evaluate, and choose among alternative brands and suppliers (Webster Wind, 1996). The nature of the buyer decision process in a business-tobusiness environment differs from the consumer ones, that is why understanding of organizational buying behavior is essential– it helps to develop the right approach to corporate clients and establish strong bonds between  «sellers » and  «buyers ». 4 1. 1 Background of the research Organizational buying behavior is an extensive concept as it depends on many factors. However, understanding the organizational buying process is a key prerequisite for the development of business marketing strategy. With knowledge of the customer firm’s decision making process and buying behavior, market managers are in a far better position to develop marketing strategies, build win-win relationship with customers and influence purchasing decisions successfully. The case company Holiday Club Resorts Oy is one of Europe’s largest vacation enterprises. The company’s specialization is holiday centers, spa hotels and time share apartments. Holiday Club operates both on consumer and business markets as their customers are different companies and organizations as well as representatives of public sector. This research is done to support the new project of the company – Saimaa Gardens large tourist and leisure time resort in Finland that will be opened in Autumn 2011. New holiday center will provide large facilities for conferences, business meetings and corporate parties (Holiday Club Oy 2010). While Finland and Russia are neighboring countries with well-developed connections in tourism area, Holiday Club’s officials are willing to attract Russian corporate clients. This thesis is a part of a bigger project, that consists of two studies. The first one is devoted to Russian outbound tourism and gives understanding of  «What organizational clients want?  », the second one answers the question  «How organizations buy?  ». The whole project is carried out by two students. Alena Tsyvinskaja is responsible for the first part, called  «Russian outbound MICE tourism – demand and concept », while this study is accomplished by Olga Loginova. The purpose of this study is to find out reasons and factors which affect the buying decisions and choice of leisure service provider. The research is aimed to analyze buying behavior process in Russian organizations and provide 5 possibilities for Saimaa Gardens to fulfill corporate requirements and reach their target market successfully. 1. 2 Research problem and objectives The main objective of this thesis is to give understanding of organizational buying process in Russian companies and provide recommendations to Saimaa Garden, how to reach right people with their message. For this purpose few Russian companies will be targeted as potential customers. Each organization has buying center – a group of people, who are responsible for buying decisions. (Webster Wind,1996). The research will be based on direct communication with these people in order to understand their roles and identify factors that affect their decisions. Main research problem consists of 3 parts: -find members of the buying center -analyze their roles and decision making process -describe an organizational buying process in general In the final outcome, Holiday Club will benefit from thesis in several ways. Firstly, this project will give an understanding of organizational buying behavior in Russian companies. Secondly it will provide a framework that will help to affect decision making process in a most efficient way. And finally, as research involves communication with companies, it will give a good opportunity to find first corporate customers. In general, possession of such knowledge will facilitate entering a new market for Holiday Club. 1. 3 Theoretical framework The theoretical framework of this thesis includes theories about nature of organizational buying in general and decision making process particularly. Theories, concerning organizational buying and decision making process gives an overall understanding of how organizational purchasing is executed, how 6 decisions are made and which factors influence them. Organizational buyers decision process model gives a clear guidelines how decision is made step by step. And Buying center’s analyses provide ideas for the practical part about how to recognize people, responsible for decision taking and to define roles and motives of those people. When conducting this research both Russian and English sources were used. The most related topics of the literature are  «Organizational Buying behavior  »,  «Business-to-business marketing » and  «Industrial marketing ». In theoretical part of the study information from Philip Kotler’s  «Marketing management »,  «A general model for understanding organizational buying behavior », written by Frederick E. Webster Jr. nd Yoram Wind and book of Russian author Kovalev A. I.  «Industrial Marketing » was used. The full list of sources provided at the end of the study. 1. 4 Research context 1. 4. 1 Business tourism As this study is devoted to business tourism, it is appropriate to give a small overview of this topic. In recent times more and more organizations have gone global, business connections have become international and economic activities are spread all over the world. As it’s commonly known, successful business is impossible without contacts, technologies and information exchanging, gaining new partners and customers. Due to the rapid growth of business contacts with foreign partners, business tourism is seen as an important niche market, and is one of the fastest growing sectors of the tourism industry. This segment of the tourism industry has also been referred to as Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions (MICE). The concept of MICE stands for corporate outbound tourism, aiming to bring people together for a particular entertaining or business purpose. (Business Travel Worldwide 2011. ) 7 In general, MICE encompasses the following activities: ? ? ? ? ? Meetings and conferences Exhibitions and trade fares Incentive travel Corporate events Outdoor events Individual corporate travel (Ibid) According to the statistics, provided by RBTA (Russian Business Travel Association,2010), in share correlation the structure of MICE travelling has the following form: 71% for individual travelling, 16% for participation in conferences and congresses, 11% for visiting exhibitions and approximately 2-3% for incentive travel. Business travelling may peruse different aims and according to  «Business Travel Worldwide » (2011) some of them are: ? ? ? ? ? Establishing partner relations, negotiating the contracts, concluding deals Visiting and taking part in the exhibitions Participating in congresses, conferences and seminars Trainings, professional development trips Incentive trips (trips, usually granted as a reward for employee’s outstanding performance) According to Business Tourism Partnership (2010) principal characteristics of business tourism include the following: †¢ it is at the high quality, high yield end of the tourism spectrum †¢ business tourism is year-round, peaking in Spring and Autumn but still with high levels of activity in the Summer and Winter months †¢ it is resilient, being much less affected by economic downturns or by disasters than leisure tourism and other sectors of the national economy 8 †¢ business tourism stimulates future inward investment as business people see the attractions of a destination while travelling on business or to attend a conference, exhibition or incentive, and then return to establish business operations there. According to Swarbrooke and Horner (2001), the participants of business tourism market can be divided into 3 groups: Consumers: Individuals Companies Associations Intermediaries: Travel Agencies Exhibition companies Event management companies and others Suppliers: Transport operators Accommodation operators Incentive travel venues Specialist services Figure 1 Participants of business tourism market. The figure represents the simplified scheme of business tourism market. In the reality the process might look different, including several intermediaries or ,vice versa, the link of intermediaries might be excluded as consumers are willing to arrange their business trips on their own. 1. 4. 2 MICE in Russia Although the thesis topic doesn’t cover business tourism market analysis, several words should be said about MICE market in Russia. Russia is a country where business tourism in general is actively developing now. However, the concept of MICE is still rather new for Russian companies. The reasons for this might be the insufficient development of corporate culture in general and small amount of international business contacts. Anyway, Russian corporate travel has not the same level as  «ancestors » of business tourism USA and European countries. 9 In general, MICE tourism in Russia can be characterized by following features (RBTA 2010): ? ? ? ? Outbound tourism is prevailing (most Russian companies prefer travel abroad rather than within the country) Problem such as lack of qualified agencies still exist. The demand for MICE services is fluctuating and not stable Incentive tourism is significantly less popular comparing with other parts of MICE 1. 4. 3 Case company profile Holiday Club Resorts Oy is one of Europe’s largest vacation ownership enterprises. It was established in 1986 and in the beginning it focused primarily on the vacation ownership business, purchasing hotels on the territory of Finland (Holiday Club Oy 2010) The company has been buying hotels and resorts as well as building their own holiday homes and spa centers. The growth of Holiday Club vacation ownership system continued and by 2007 Holiday Club expanded to Sweden (Ibib. ) By 2009, after several successful acquisitions Holiday Club becomes the leading vacation ownership enterprise in Europe. At 2010 a building of new resort – Saimaa Gardens was started (Ibid. ) In overall Holiday Club Resorts Oy owns holiday homes in 26 destinations in Finland, a holiday destination in Calahonda, Spain, as well as Holiday Club Are and Ekerum Golf and Resorts (Oland) holiday destinations in Sweden. Holiday Club’s 6 spa hotels in Finland have belonged to the S-Group’s subsidiary, Sokotel, since April 2006, and they operate under the name Holiday Club Spa Hotels. The chain comprises Holiday Club Caribia in Turku, Katinkulta in Vuokatti, Tropiikki in Kuusamo, Eden in Oulu, Saariselka and Tampere Spa (Holiday Club official web-site 2011. ) 10 1. 4. 4 Saimaa Gardens In this study the analysis is carried out from the standpoint of Saimaa gardens spa resort, as it is the nearest hotel of Holiday Club chain to Russia. Saimaa Gardens is a wellness resort, comprising spa hotel, holiday houses, various top-class apartments, golf centre, a great variety of shops, restaurants and galleries. It’s located at the shore of Lake Saimaa, nearby Imatra and occupies approximately 300 hectares of total area. Saimaa Gardens is also the nearest large tourist attraction to St. Petersburg in Finland. Companies’ clients belong both to consumer and business markets. Holiday club’s resorts provide services for public consumers as well as for corporate clients because they have good amenities for family vacation and honey moons along with facilities for conferences, corporate parties and business travelling. Holiday Club sees a great potential particularly in Russian tourists and organizations, as it will be situated near Saint-Petersburg, a city, where travelling to Finland is popular and easy. 1. 5 Limitations This thesis does not handle deep analyses of business tourism market and just gives a small overview of this topic to provide basic understanding of this tourism sphere. Consumer needs and preferences as well as product specifications are not covered by the study as this is a topic of a parallel research, prepared by another student. The theoretical part of this thesis is limited to theories about composition of the buying center and it’s characteristics, decision making process and factors, influencing it. The theories also describe the difference between organizational and consumer buying. These theories were chosen, because they are closely related to the research problem and they support the empirical part of the thesis by providing guidelines how the organizational buying process looks in real life. This thesis does not cover theories about sales techniques and relations between buyers and sellers, because one of the main objectives of bachelors’ thesis is to make the topic narrow but analyze it deeper. 11 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION The research was done according to a plan that consisted of 3 stages. The first stage involved analyzing of theoretical background and gave a comprehensive view on organizational buying behavior process, describing composition of buying center, identifying factors, influencing decision making process and exploring all stages of this process. After that the theory was ready to be implemented in life. On the second stage the search of companies that may be interviewees for the research and potential clients for Holiday Club was done. The search criteria was explained in empirical part. When organizations were identified, their portfolios should be created to obtain knowledge about potential customers. The final and most important stage of research was identifying the buying centers in chosen organizations and conducting an interview with it’s members. This was done to identify roles and motives of members, analyze the decision making process and finally develop an effective framework according to gained information. Figure 2 represents the plan research. Theory analyses Buying behavior -main concepts -influencing factors -buying center -decision making process Companies’ portfolio gathering What size? What industry? What location? Interview Figure 2. Research plan. 12 As it was stated above, the main research problems were: finding members of the buying center, analyzing their roles and decision making process and describing an organizational buying process in general. In order to understand, what the most effective methods for solving these problems are, a book of Tony Proctor (2005 p. 63)  «Essentials of Marketing research » was read. After examination of possible methodology, it was concluded that the most appropriate methods to solve thesis problems were qualitative research, case study and analyzing of primary and secondary data. 2. 1 Quantitative research Quantitative research produces numbers and figures, while qualitative research provides data on why people buy, what motivates them to buy, or their impressions of products, services or advertisements. It also produces information on behavior, attitudes and intentions. Simply put, qualitative research goes inside of people’s thinking, value system as well as decision making process, what fitted perfectly objectives of this study. This type of research involves different approaches such as focus groups, interviews, feedback analysis, surveys and others. It relies on primary data as well as on secondary. In this study the object of qualitative research was an organizational buying behavior (Proctor, 2005 p. 71. ) The research was carried out in a context of business tourism, which is very specific area of business market. That is why organization buying process in business tourism market is based on general model of organizational buying. So first of all, problem solutions required general knowledge about such concepts as buying center, organizational buying and others. That kind of information was necessary for good orientation in actual topic and for further planning of the research. To gain this information secondary data analysis was used. 13 2. 2 Secondary data analysis Secondary data analysis is the method of using preexisting data in a different way or to answer a different research question than that intended by those who collected the data (Schutt 1999). The sources of secondary data may be different: books, magazines, newspapers, internet, earlier conducted surveys, etc. The organizational buying behavior has been studied by many authors such as Philip Kotler, Frederick E. Webster Jr. , Yoram Wind, Ajay Kumar Kohli and others. Their books and articles were used as sources of theoretical information. Secondary analysis of different statistics was also conducted to help to choose the right kind of companies for the case study, which is described further. 2. 3 Primary data analysis and case study The study was accomplished for the particular organization, one of the needs of which was understanding of organizational buying process in Russian companies. Solving this problem required a primary data analyses. Primary data is data observed or collected directly from first-hand experience. There are many methods of collecting primary data: ? ? ? ? Questionnaire Interview Observation Case study, etc. (Proctor 2005, p74. ) This research is based on a case study. The purpose of case study is collecting information about organizational buying in Russian companies from the  «first hands ». The most appropriate method to collect it was interview. For that purpose 3 Russian companies were chosen. The amount of 3 went from the principle, that analyses of 1 company is definitely not enough, while 5 or more requires much more time. Moreover 3 companies represent 3 kinds of organizations: small, medium and large. In order to choose 3 respondents, it 14 was needed to find out what kind of companies normally buys the MICE trips and how they can be specified according to the industry, size, location, and etc. As Saimaa Gardens will be the nearest Finnish leisure attraction to the SaintPetersburg, it was quite obvious that case companies would be located in SaintPetersburg, Leningrad region and Vyborg. Another criteria, size of case companies, was based on assumption, that organizational buying process in small organizations differs from one in big corporation’s due to the amount of staff, availability of funds and corporate culture in general. The last aspect of the choice was the industry. There was no difference for Holiday Club Oy which kind of companies would use their services. So it was necessary to investigate what kind of companies buy MICE trips more often. According to the statistics for the year 2009-2010, provided by VIP-tour agency (contact person- Stanislav Lisovsky, sales manager), companies, represented 5 industries, used MICE services more frequently: ? ? ? ? ? Metal industry IT industry Oil and gas industry Estate industry Pharmaceutical and medicine industry According to this information a list of potential companies was created and proposals to take part in the interview were sent. Some companies didn’t respond at all, some provided unclear and poor information. However, it was possible to choose 3 companies, whose response was full and actual. That is how 3 case companies were chosen. Using the knowledge and information gathered for the theory, the research questionnaire was developed so that questions were straight, easy and aimed to minimize the uncertainties. Finally, despite of all difficulties, 3 interviews were carried out. Based on these interviews, it was possible to gain valuable and unique information, concerning compositions of buying centers and organizational buying processes in context of business tourism. 15 3 THE NATURE OF ORGANIZATIONAL BUYING 3. 1 Organizational vs. onsumer buying According to Webster and Wind (1995), organizational buying is the decisionmaking process by which organizations establish the need for purchased products and services and identify, evaluate, and choose among alternative brands and suppliers. It takes place i n the context of a formal organization influenced by a budget, cost and profit considerations. Consumer behavior has not much relevance for the industrial marketer. This is due to several important differences between the two purchase processes. Comparing complicity of buying processes, buying decisions are made relatively easily and quickly by individual customers, organizational buying involves thorough and deep analysis. This is because organizational buying usually involves many people in decision process with complex interactions among people and among individual and organizational goals. Furthermore, rganizational buyer’s decisions require more information, undergo longer evaluation and more uncertainty about product performance. Companies usually adopt certain methods for buying products and employ skilled professionals for purchasing departments. (Kotler 1997, p. 205. ) According to Sandhusen (2000 p. 248), when compared to demand patterns in consumer market, demand p atterns in industrial markets tend to be more concentrated, more direct, more dependent on other markets and purchases of related products and reciprocal agreements. Demand for goods in consumer markets is heavily affected by the changes in the prices so that it can be concluded that consumer market demand is price elastic. The organizational demand for products or services can be elastic only on early negotiation stage when many suppliers are actively competing on price for contracts. Once contracts are negotiated, however, demand becomes inelastic and is not influenced by short-run price changes. Frequently, demand for some b2b products is related to demand for other b2b products, what is called joint demand. For example, if Food Drink supplier for a hotel restaurant has delivery problems or poor service, it will probably cut back on its purchases of 16 foodstuffs. It’s also important to mention that demand for industrial products derives largely from demand for consumer goods. It’s quite typical or tourism market as purchasing travel package for the company’s purposes, organizational buyers sometimes follows consumer’s opinions and reputation on the consumer market. According to Kovalev (2003 p. 203), despite of ordinary consumers, industrial buyers are more likely to purc hase products directly from suppliers or manufacturers and in larger quantities, than consumers. Buying decisions of a consumer market is simple where it purely depends on the wish of consumer. But business buyers face complicated buying process where they have to adhere to purchasing standards, satisfy complex requirements and involve approval of many people. Consumer buying is generally short term focused where they conclude the relationship with seller upon the transaction is completed.

The Governments Role in the Economy

The Government's Role in the Economy In the narrowest sense, the governments involvement in the economy is to help correct market failures or situations in which private markets cannot maximize the value that they could create for society.  This includes providing public goods, internalizing externalities (consequences of economic activities on unrelated third parties), and enforcing competition.  That being said, many societies have accepted a broader involvement of government in a capitalist economy. While consumers and producers make most of the decisions that mold the economy, government activities have a powerful effect on the U.S. economy in several areas. Promoting Stabilization and Growth Perhaps most important, the federal government guides the overall pace of economic activity, attempting to maintain steady growth, high levels of employment, and price stability. By adjusting spending and tax rates (known as fiscal policy) or managing the money supply and controlling the use of credit (known as monetary policy), it can slow down or speed up the economys rate of growth and, in the process, affect the level of prices and employment. For many years following the Great Depression of the 1930s, recessions- periods of slow economic growth and high unemployment often defined as two consecutive quarters of decline in the gross domestic product, or GDP- were viewed as the greatest of economic threats. When the danger of recession appeared most serious, the government sought to strengthen the economy by spending heavily itself or by cutting taxes so that consumers would spend more, and by fostering rapid growth in the money supply, which also encouraged more spending. In the 1970s, major price increases, particularly for energy, created a strong fear of inflation, which is an increase in the overall level of prices. As a result, government leaders came to concentrate more on controlling inflation than on combating recession by limiting spending, resisting tax cuts, and reining in growth in the money supply. A New Plan for Stabilizing the Economy Ideas about the best tools for stabilizing the economy changed substantially between the 1960s and the 1990s. In the 1960s, the government had great faith in fiscal policy, or the manipulation of government revenues to influence the economy. Since spending and taxes are controlled by the president and the Congress, these elected officials played a leading role in directing the economy. A period of high inflation, high unemployment, and huge government deficits weakened confidence in fiscal policy as a tool for regulating the overall pace of economic activity. Instead, monetary policy- controlling the nations money supply through such devices as interest rates- assumed a growing involvement. Monetary policy is directed by the nations central bank, known as the Federal Reserve Board, which has considerable independence from the president and the Congress. The Fed was created in 1913 in the belief that centralized, regulated control of the nation’s monetary system would help alleviate or prevent financial crises such as the  Panic of 1907, which started with a failed attempt to corner the market on the stock of the United Copper Co. and triggered a run on bank withdrawals and the bankruptcy of financial institutions nationwide. Source Conte, Christopher and Albert Karr.  Outline of the U.S. Economy. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of State.

Film papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film papers - Essay Example Eventually the girls find them amid troubles and hysteric breakout of the fact of their witchcraft trial which culminate into gruesome climax and put the girls into tremendous trouble culminating into the death sentence of John and other convicts who show the guts to tear the confession and embrace death reciting the Lord’s Prayer which they end before they could say the word â€Å"Amen†. The film is an exact representation of the myriad myths and punitive measures that were undertaken for the practice of witchcraft. The film ‘The Crucible’ viewed from the historical perspective would definitely take its audience back to the play by Arthur Miller on which it is based and to the basic historical events with which the book deals. The main purpose of the film is to project and evolve awareness amid people far beyond the constraint of time frame, the actual reason behind the myths and superstitions are only for the fulfilment of some different desire altogether . The scene in the film which depicts the climax is very much relevant with history and bears much resemblance with the book.

CURRENT ISSUES IN FIRST LINE MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

CURRENT ISSUES IN FIRST LINE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Robinson and Sons Limited† is concentrated then it will be realized that there are certain flaws because of which the organization’s performance is getting worst. On the first sight some of these flaws seem to be: But if we concentrate deeply on the scenario, we will find that these flaws often occur other organization’s life e.g. a clerk becomes ill, but these organization does not suffer from bad performance because of their better first line management. So in the case of â€Å"A.J. Robinson and Sons Limited† the principle cause behind the bad performance is, flaws in the performance of first line manager (John Jones), i.e. He does not allow his workers to give their opinion and asks them to â€Å"mind their own business† then how better employer or departmental communication could be developed. So because of this reason whole flow of work is disturbed and organization is suffering from bad performance. In the next sections we will put some light on current issues in first line management and some suggestion or recommendation to make the activities of first line management more effective. Creating a pool of well trained and capable first line managers is a key challenge for todays organizations. First line management can be one of the most challenging tasks within an organization. These are the managers or supervisors who are responsible for those who do not manage others, for ensuring goals are met, quality is improved, new working techniques are implemented and whether or not customers are satisfied.   Often first line managers have been promoted because of their technical expertise and can then find themselves holding a new title without the attributes and training to have this new and highly significant role. In spite of the challenges confronted by the first line management, it is a task that often gives great business satisfaction and can be greatly agreeable. The diversity of the tasks carrying out in the first line management

European EN and International ISO standards Essay Example for Free

European EN and International ISO standards Essay The abbreviations â€Å"EN† refers to European Norm while â€Å"ISO† refer to International Standards Organization. Endoscopy literally means â€Å"looking inside† and it is usually refers to look inside the body usually in relation to medical reasons using an instrument called an endoscope. It is used to examine the interior parts of a hollow organ or cavity of the body, and they are inserted directly into the organ. The endoscopes, especially flexible endoscopes are usually complex but can be reused but require very unique conditions for reuse in respect to their decontamination. It is not only their outer surfaces that are exposed, but also their air channels, water channels and even their accessories that enable them to function in the right manner. Their exposure to body fluids and other contaminants means that their reuse has to be very carefully looked into so as to avoid spread of diseases. It is also important to realize that most endoscopes are heat labile and cannot be autoclaved meaning they change under different heat conditions. European (EN) and International (ISO) standards that would be applicable to an endoscope decontamination unit (EDU) in the UK As abstracted from EN ISO 15883, information from the manufacturers should be given prior to purchasing the endoscope. This implies that the manufacturer provides information such the best disinfectants to use with that particular endoscope and what is expected when cleaning, for example the bacteria expected to be found there and also if the disinfectant in question is compatible with the automatic reprocessor in which it is being used. (Gurusamy Manivannan, 2008) As per BS EN ISO 15883-1, a temperature recorder having no fewer than ten sensors should be used, and the specifications are well indicated in the ISO standard. This is because the endoscopes are heat labile, and temperature may affect the chemical compositions of the accessories or other chemicals involved. The manufacturer should also establish the worst conditions under of the devices configuration. Such conditions encompass temperature, detergent concentration and surrogate device configuration. This also includes water flow pressure for use during testing. This may also be categorized in a similar manner as biocompatibility testing where limits such as residual limits are stipulated as per ISO 10993. (Denise Sheard, 20120 The calibrations should be checked in accordance with ISO 10012-1 for uniformity purposes. These are usually dictated by manufacturers using a validated method of applying a sensible reference. Each instrument should also be labeled with a unique reference number. This is important when measuring passage of fluids or drugs so as to get accurate and true results. The standard prEN ISO 15883-1-2004 has a clause that indicates that the manufacture shall all addition information associated with the use and decontamination of the particular endoscope. Information such as maximum flow and pressure of fluids within each channel in the device and the maximum possible permissible restriction of flow within each channel is deemed important and must be provided. (James Walker, 2014) There is also a standard similar to both that the manufacturers may be requested to give information concerning the device at any stage, and act as consultants. This is stipulated in prEN ISO 15883-1-2004. This is important when complications arise that personnel involved were not expecting References Gurusamy Manivannan, Disinfection and decontamination: principles, applications and related issues. Boca Raton : CRC Press/Taylor Francis Group, 2008 Denise Sheard , A practical guide to decontamination in healthcare . Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, 2012. James Walker, Decontamination in hospitals and healthcare. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing, 2014 Source document

Space Station :: essays research papers

Social Import: The Cracks in the System An integral component to the infrastructure of government is law enforcement. In over two hundred years of prosperity, the United States has relied heavily upon the integrity of its law enforcement in maintaining order and securing the civil liberties of the American. The conduct and code of the police force in the United States has been exemplary, and has set the standards by which many nations have modeled their police departments after that of the U.S.. Disregarding the chain of the insidious debauchery during the 1920’s where prohibition resulted in prevalent organized crime and police corruption, law enforcement in America has maintained its scruples. However, as America enters into the new millennium, the integrity of the United States Law Enforcement is being compromised once again. With the recent outbursts of brutality and corruption within the urban areas of the United States, the civil liberties and public freedoms that this great nation was founded upon are being j eopardized as the citizens from the urban sectors to the suburban regions of America are being denied their rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Numerous incidents of police scandal have been recorded in several different cities throughout the United States. These incidents are becoming commonplace in the daily lives of many urban Americans. Police departments across the nation are becoming increasingly careless and apathetic in the preservation of integrity in their departments, but none have been as blatantly in violation of law enforcement codes as the Los Angeles Police Department. With its reputation in question for the better part of the 1990’s after recovering from the mishandling of the 1965 Watts Riots, the Los Angeles Police Department proved has proven itself guilty of violent brutality and devious corruption in the recent scandal; the largest scandal in the history of the department.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In an investigation conducted by a collaboration of agencies from the FBI to the Los Angeles District Attorney’s to the LAPD’s internal-affairs unit, investigators unraveled the cases of hundreds of wrong fully indicted victims. The evidence found in these investigations have led to the reversals of forty criminal convictions and hundreds of cases opened for review, including thousands of cases awaiting examination. In the ongoing process of apprehending of mischievous of the Los Angeles police officers, there have been four indicted officers, two others fired, twenty officers relieved of their duties, and scores of officers placed under suspicion. Space Station :: essays research papers Social Import: The Cracks in the System An integral component to the infrastructure of government is law enforcement. In over two hundred years of prosperity, the United States has relied heavily upon the integrity of its law enforcement in maintaining order and securing the civil liberties of the American. The conduct and code of the police force in the United States has been exemplary, and has set the standards by which many nations have modeled their police departments after that of the U.S.. Disregarding the chain of the insidious debauchery during the 1920’s where prohibition resulted in prevalent organized crime and police corruption, law enforcement in America has maintained its scruples. However, as America enters into the new millennium, the integrity of the United States Law Enforcement is being compromised once again. With the recent outbursts of brutality and corruption within the urban areas of the United States, the civil liberties and public freedoms that this great nation was founded upon are being j eopardized as the citizens from the urban sectors to the suburban regions of America are being denied their rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Numerous incidents of police scandal have been recorded in several different cities throughout the United States. These incidents are becoming commonplace in the daily lives of many urban Americans. Police departments across the nation are becoming increasingly careless and apathetic in the preservation of integrity in their departments, but none have been as blatantly in violation of law enforcement codes as the Los Angeles Police Department. With its reputation in question for the better part of the 1990’s after recovering from the mishandling of the 1965 Watts Riots, the Los Angeles Police Department proved has proven itself guilty of violent brutality and devious corruption in the recent scandal; the largest scandal in the history of the department.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In an investigation conducted by a collaboration of agencies from the FBI to the Los Angeles District Attorney’s to the LAPD’s internal-affairs unit, investigators unraveled the cases of hundreds of wrong fully indicted victims. The evidence found in these investigations have led to the reversals of forty criminal convictions and hundreds of cases opened for review, including thousands of cases awaiting examination. In the ongoing process of apprehending of mischievous of the Los Angeles police officers, there have been four indicted officers, two others fired, twenty officers relieved of their duties, and scores of officers placed under suspicion.

Nest Coffee Essay

1. Batch: 2011-2014 Course Code: 50121308Course Name: Marketing II Roll #601 Assignment #302 †¢ 2. Brand Name: Nescafe Parent Company: NestleYear of Establishment of Nestle: 1866 IntroductioNestle was established in Switzerland by Henri Nestle n Year of Entering the Indian Market: 1961 First Plant set up at Moga, Punjab Brief Overview: In 1930 the Brazilian governmentapproached Nestle to create a new instant coffee that would give the consumer another option and at the same time increase the dwindling coffee exports of Brazil. It took eight years but in 1938 Nestle introduced Nescafe. †¢ 3. Product Range (in India) †¢ 4. STP Analysis Targeting A target market is a set of buyers sharing common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve. Positioning. Position is the act of designing the company image to occupy a distinctive place in the minds of the target markets. A product position is the way the product is defined by consumer attributes Segmentation Market segmentation means dividing a market into smaller group with distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviour who might require separate products or marketing mixes. †¢ 5. Segmentatio n Geographical Segmentation Nescafe has divided the country into four segments i.e. Southern, Northern, Eastern and Western. The Southern Segment consumes the most amount of Coffee and prefers hard and roasted coffee. Where was in Northern region, Nescafe instant coffee is consumed in higher quantities. Demographical SegmentationNescafe has tried to segment every age group, families, region, gender and different socio-economic. †¢ 6. Segmentatio Past n Nescafe was targeted to morning people PresentNescafe is now targeting the Youth According to Andrew Ward, worldwide account director ofNescafe has launched a $30 millionglobal campaign, specifically aimed at 16-24 years old. Use of Youth Icons like Purab Kohli, Vir Das and Deepika Padukone as According to McCann-Erickson Brand Ambassadors World Group, coffee is the most popular drink among the youth. †¢ 7. Examples NESCAFE CAPPUCCINO Targeted to †¢ Premium urban consumers †¢ Core audience aged 17-30 †¢ Concentrates on the theme of â€Å"The magic world of endless pleasure†. NESCAFE CLASSIC Targeted to †¢ The urban professional †¢ Core audience aged 20-30†¢ Concentrates on the classic taste of coffee with the tagline â€Å"Coffee at its Best† †¢ 8. Positioning Nescafe’s positioning is â€Å"1 coffee cup, 1 good feeling † The TVCs and all Promotional Messages focus on passing love between two person. Sharing a cup of coffee is shown as a symbol of sharing happiness. The Red Nescafe mug is another popular symbol which associates the Brand Nescafe with the concept sharing happiness. Nescafe Classic is positioned as â€Å"100% Pure Instant Coffee† Nescafe Cappuccino is being positioned as â€Å"A true Cafe† †¢ 9. Tvc and Print Ads They all focus on positioning the brand as a symbol of shared happiness.

The Theory Of Child Labour - 1398 Words

The tem â€Å"Child Labour† is often defined as work that deprives children from their childhood, their potential and their dignity and that is harmful to physical and mental development. It is serious and extensive problem with many children under the age of 14 years. Children living in poorest household and in rural areas are mostly likely to be engaged in child labour. Children have worked for as long as families have needed all hands to pitch in. Beyond defining work as a means of survival, defining what work is appropriate for children and what to do about inappropriate work involves more complex judgments especially for firms doing business in the global economy.Child labor is linked to global business directly and more commonly, indirectly. Critics blame increased trade and financial flows for increased child labor, and those criticisms have undermined the legitimacy of further trade and financial liberalization. Statistics of child lobour: According to statistics there are 250 million children working and many of them full time. 120 million of these children exposed to hazardous forms of child labour. 68 Countries have been marked under â€Å"extreme risk† for child. Bangladesh, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Chad, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Mayanmar, Liberia, Sudan, Somalia and Zimbabwe to form the 12 countries at the bottom of ranking who scored 0.00 for possibility to remove child labour, whereas China scored 0.02 and ranking number 13th.Child labour is found in agricultural sectorShow MoreRelatedThe Epidemic Of Child Labour1522 Words   |  7 Pagesprevalence of child labour is a blot on society. It is a national disgrace that millions of children in this country have to spend a major part of their daily routine in hazardous works. The problem of child labour in India is the result of traditional attitudes, urbanisation, industrialisation, migration, lack of education, etc. However, extreme poverty is the main cause of child labour. However, this miracle idea falls short after identifying the brutal cons that develop along with Child Labour. YouthRead MoreIKEA Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor1176 Words   |  5 PagesProposal Case: IKEA Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor Summary In this case, it is known that IKEA s procurement model is the mode of global sourcing. IKEA products are shipped to the 26 distribution centres from the trade area after procurement, and then delivered to the shopping malls in the world. 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The sample for labour market organizations consisted of seven people, majority of them were lead organizers/supervisors based in Karachi. Two sampling methods used in this research paper are Snowball sampling and Convenience sampling. Convenience sampling was used for interviews from youth belonging to the labour market of Karachi. However, interviews with organization’s members in Karachi’s labour market were accompanied via snowball sampling. The themes